Malcolm III Canmore

Son of Duncan I

Ruled Cambria and Strathclyde 1045-1058
King of Scotland 17 March 1058 to 13 Nov 1093
Crowned 25 April 1058 at Scone Abbey

1040 Smuggled out of Scotland when his father was killed by Macbeth, protected by Sigurd Earl of Northumberland .
1057 Macbeth killed in battle in August, Malcolm crowned following April without total support from Highlanders, preferring old ways and customs

1069 Married Margaret, sister of Edgar Atheling, agreeing to support Edgar's taking of the English throne.

1072 Made a treaty with William the Conqueror that included the exile of Edgar Atheling

Married English princess, greatly influenced by English customs.
Supposedly killed Macbeth who killed his father Malcolm II, not!
After the Norman invasion of 1066, Malcolm permitted permitted those in England who opposed William the Conqueror to settle in Scotland.
Introduced feudalism to Scotland.

Spoke Gaelic, Latin and English

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (anglicised Malcolm III) (1030x1038–13 November 1093) was King of Scots. He was the eldest son of Donnchad mac Crínáin. While often known as Malcolm Canmore, the earliest epithet used for him is Long-Neck.[2] It appears that the real Malcolm Canmore was this Máel Coluim's great-grandson Máel Coluim IV.[3]

Máel Coluim's long reign, spanning five decades, did not mark the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age, nor can Máel Coluim's reign be seen as extending the authority of Alba's kings over the Scandinavian, Norse-Gael and Gaelic north and west of Scotland. The areas under the control of the Kings of Scots did not advance much beyond the limits set by Máel Coluim mac Cináeda until the 12th century and 13th century. Máel Coluim's main achievement is often thought to match that of Cináed mac Ailpín, in continuing a line which would rule Scotland for many years,[4] although his role as "founder of a dynasty" has more to do with the propaganda of his youngest son David, and his descendents, than with any historical reality.

Máel Coluim's father was killed by Mac Bethad (Macbeth)mac Findláich, near Elgin, on 15 August 1040. Although William Shakespeare's Macbeth presents Máel Coluim as a grown man and his father as an old one, it appears that Donnchad was still young, and Máel Coluim and his brother Domnall Bán were children. Máel Coluim's family did attempt to overthrow Mac Bethad in 1045, but Máel Coluim's grandfather Crínán was killed in the attempt. More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Coluim_III_of_Scotland

Alexander Carpenter was born in England in 1560 in Wrentham, England, son of William who married Alice _____.

Alexander came to America on the ship Ann in 1623 and settled in Plymouth. His father was Gr-grandson of William Carpenter of the House in Tyrconnel Line of Lord George Carpenter. The Line goes back thusly- Alexander-1, John, James, William, John Richard, John MP [member of Parliment] 1300. Unk source

Was a Dissenter, and on account of religious persecution removed with his family to Leyden, Holland. His only son was probably William of Cobham. The Coat of Arms, was granted to William Carpenter, as appears by the records of the Heralds College London, 1663, subequently found on the Tombstone of Daniel Carpenter of Rehoboth, Ma, who was born in 1669.(Doug Bingham's page)

Sister to Alice, Govenor William Bradford's wife.

The maiden name of Governor Bradford's second wife was Alice Carpenter (see "Memoirs of American Governors," Jacob Bailey Moore. Washington: 1846, p. 88), a lady of extraordinary capacity and worth.

It is said that an early attachment existed between Mr. Bradford and this lady, and that their marriage was prevented by her parents, on account of his inferior circumstances and rank. She afterwards married Sir Edward Southworth. Being now a widower (his first wife, whose maiden name was Dorothy May, having been drowned December 7, 1620, by accidentally falling from the deck of the Mayflower into the sea), Governor Bradford, by letters to England, made overtures to Lady Southworth, who was then a widow. She accepted his proposal, and with a generous resolution she embarked (on the Anne) in 1623 to meet her intended partner, knowing that he could not well leave his responsible station in the new settlement. (With her on the Anne were Mr. and Mrs. George Morton and their children, Mrs. Morton, who was Juliana Carpenter, being Mrs. Southworth's sister.) Her two sons, Thomas and Constant Southworth, the younger of whom was only six years of age, came over with her, and she brought a handsome estate into the country. Her marriage (the fourth in the colony) with Governor Bradford took place on the 14th of August, 1623. She died in March, 1670, aged 80 years.

WILLIAM WRIGHT arrived in New England in 1621, and before his death in 1633 he had married Priscilla Carpenter. We have no record that William Wright returned to England between those two dates, and if he did not, then Priscilla Carpenter must have come to Plymouth sometime prior to 1633 as a single woman.

COMMENTS: Priscilla Carpenter was born perhaps about 1598, daughter of Alexander Carpenter of Wrington, Somersetshire, and was one of five sisters who came to New England, or married men who came to New England, or both. The family of Alexander Carpenter is outlined briefly here, and was best treated by Mary Lovering Holman in Scott Genealogy, pp. 284-85. Further detail may be found in the sketches of the husbands or children of these women.

"Alexander Carpenter from Wrington" was on 16 December 1600 [NS] witness at the Amsterdam marriage of "Antoine Fetcher" and "Jenneken Richeman" [J. de Hoop Scheffer, History of the Free Churchmen ... (Ithaca NY n.d.), p. 186]. He was at Leiden by 1611 [ Dexter 608]. In a letter of 19 August 1644 or 1646 to Mary Carpenter of Wrington, sister of his wife Alice (Carpenter) (Southworth) Bradford, William Bradford noted that the mother of the Carpenter sisters had recently died, and invited Mary to join them in Plymouth, which she soon did [ NEHGR 14:195-96].

The years of birth of the sisters are approximated based on the ages at death of Juliann, Mary and Priscilla. These dates are all consistent with one another. Some of these women, however, seem to be a few years older than the norm at their first marriages, and extreme ages at death are frequently exaggerated, so it may be that all these estimated birth dates should be shifted forward by a few years. In 1988 Janet K. Pease published some entries from the IGI which purport to relate to this family, but many of them were clearly not from the parish registers [ MQ 38:190]. A year later Myrtle Hyde published the results of research that had been carried out in 1971 in the registers of St. James, Bath, and Wrington, Somersetshire [ MQ 39:182-83]; these entries seem more reliable, but some discrepancies remain.

Alexander came to America on the ship Ann in 1623 and settled in Plymouth. His father was Gr-grandson of William Carpenter of the House in Tyrconnel Line of Lord George Carpenter. The Line goes back thusly: Alexander, John, James, William, John Richard, John MP [member of Parliment] 1300. Unk source

~~~

Lineage per Doug Bingham's information:

John b abt 1303 Dilwayne, Herefordshire, England, member of Parliament 1323

Richard b 1335 - d 1395, m a Christina, buried St Martins, Outwich, London Findagrave 126053622

John b abt 1372 London, England, brother of a famous town clerk of London

John b 1410 Herefordshire, England to 1476 England

William b 1440 Herefordshire, England to 1520

James b abt1460 Herefordshire, England to 1520

John b 1495 Wrington, Somerset, England  to 1540 Wrington,Somerset,England

William b abt 1520 Wrington, Somerset, England  to abt 1550, Delwine, Hertfordshire, England

Information as per Carey website at http://www.advsolutions.com/carey/

John Cary, having been born in Somerset is probably from the Cary family of Cary Castle, Somerset, England. As it rests as with William Shurtleff, it is likely this fact is correct but cannot be verified due to a lack of documentation in that era.

The Cary, Karry and De Karry line ending with Lord Adam De Cary  circa 1170, Cary Castle, can be found at the above website. The Cary spouses include Ann Trevitt c 1170, Elizabeth Stapleton c 1200, Alice Beaumont c 1240, Phillippa Archadeacon c 1270, Margaret Bozon c 1300, Agnes Stafford c 1320 and Jane Holwell De Bryen c 1325.

~~~

John Carey, The Vital Records of Bridgewater, Mass., literally transcribed from the original records, by George Ernest Bowman.

Bridgewater was originally a part of Duxbury, and was incorporated as a separate town 3 June 1656. The first town clerk was John Cary, who kept the records for twenty-five years. The first book of the records was used until 1702. It is in a very dilapidated condition, many entries being incomplete, or entirely lost. Scattered among the records of town meetings are found the records of births, marriages and deaths.

[Vol. 1, p. 4] the child of John Cary

(worn) eleventh whose name is Sarah was Borone the second of August 1667

The twelfe whose name is mahetabell was borne the twenty fowrth of the last month 1670

The Day and yeare of the Berth of the children of John Cary Junior heare in the towne of Bridgwater is as ffolloweth and his mariage was the 7th of Desember 1670

Imprimis his first borne whose name was John was brought forth into the world the sixt of november 1671 And the Lord tooke hime to himselfe And was Buried the nine and twentieth of Desember 71

The Second whose name is Seth was borne the 28th of January 1672

The third whose name is John was borne the 9th of Desember 1674

The fourth whose Name is Nathaniell was borne the 24th of November 1676

The fift whose Name is Eliazer was borne the 27 of September 1678

The Day And Birth & yeare of John Cary's Chilldren 1645

Imprimis John Cary being his first (worn) the fourth of November in Duxbour(worn)

the second being ffrauncis was bor(worn) and place the ninteenth of Janu(worn)

the third wch is Eliazabeth was (worn) Twenteth Day of Desember 1649 in (worn)

The fourth whose name is James was bor(worn) Brantree the eight and twenteth Day of march 1652

The fift whose name is Mary was borne at Bridgwater the eight of July 1654

The sixt whose Name is Jonathon was borne at Bridgwater the foure and twenteth Day of September 1656

the seventh whose Name is David was borne at Bridgwater the seven and twenteth Day of January 1658

the eighth whose Name is Hannah was Borne at Bridgwater the last of Aprill 1661

the Ninth whose name is Joseph was borne At Bridgwater the eighteenth of Aprill 1663

the tenth whose name is Rebecka was Borne the thirteenth Day of March 1665

[p. 15] John Cary Senior inhabytant in the town of bridgwater deceased the last day of october in the yeare of our lord. 1680:

And his wife whose name was Elizebeth Deceased the: 1: of November: 1680:

The mariage of James Cary Which was Solemnized: the :4: day January in the yeare of our Lord: 1681:

his first born being a daughter who was borne born in the Sixt of November: in: 1683: and deceased the 24 day of the same month *

* The lower half of the leaf is gone.

aka Hugh de Toecsini, Lord of Cavalcamp in Neustria.

Ruled Gwynedd circa 534 to 549

One of the greatest rulers of the sixth century. Regarded by some as the original Arthur, perhaps Arthur's successor
Gwyn = "fair" and evidentally handsome winning over several women later in life
Gilda referred to him as "dragon of the island" (Pendragon reference?) and called him Maglocunus meaning "great hound"
Gilda also referred to him as "first in evil" as he killed an uncle in his youth
Regarded a vicious tyrant, then turned to the church and returned to tyranny.
Allegedly a homosexual and a monk.
Reportedly founded the bishopric at Bangor.
His passions turned to his nephew's wife, Maelgwyn murdered his own wife and his nephew.
Took a Pictish princess for a wife.
Established rich and powerful court at Deganwy
Recognized as great patron of the arts and a lawgiver.
Died of plague (cholera?)
Son Brude was chosen by the Picts to be their leader.
Succceeded by his son Rhun Hir Maelgwn Gwynedd

Sources:
Mike Ashley's "British Kings & Queens"

Maelgwn ap Cadwallon (c. 480 – c. 547, reigned from 520s?) (Latin: Maglocunus; English: Malcolm), also known as Maelgwn Gwynedd and Maelgwn Hir ('the Tall'), was king of Gwynedd and a character from Welsh mythology.

The historical Maelgwn king of Gwynedd was one of the most prominent rulers of 6th century Britain. He became one of the most famous (or infamous) leaders in Welsh history. He is one of five British kings castigated for their sins by the contemporary Christian writer Gildas (who referred to him as Malgocunus, meaning 'Great Hound') in De Excidio Britanniae. Maelgwn, described as "the island dragon", possibly a reference to his power base on Anglesey, is the most powerful of the five kings "... you the last I write of but the first and greatest in evil, more than many in ability but also in malice, more generous in giving but also more liberal in sin, strong in war but stronger to destroy your soul ...".

Gildas accuses Maelgwn of having driven his uncle from power by force "while still a youth". He then, says Gildas, repented of his sins and vowed to become a monk, but his repentance did not last and he returned to his previous ways. He is accused of having murdered his wife and his nephew in order to be able to marry his nephew's widow.

He was also said to be a great patron of the arts and a skilled lawgiver, although some attribute this reputation to Maelgwn's own propaganda. He established court at Deganwy, and surrounded himself with an entourage of bards and artisans who wrote glowingly of his achievements. Gildas takes a dim view of this, accusing him of listening to his own praise instead of praising God. By the time of his death, Maelgwn had established himself as the preeminent ruler of the region, and his sons Rhun and Brude would inherit control over both Gwynedd and the lands of the Picts in southern Britain. He is recorded in the Annales Cambriae as dying in the "yellow plague" of 547.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_Hir_ap_Cadwallon

Ruled Gwynedd circa 620-634

Preferred the sword and spear to peace.
Famous story about Cadwallon and Edwin of Mercia (Northumbria?)
Edwin protected from Athelfrith by Cadwallon's grandfather and father for years bringing Northumbria wrath upon Gwynedd. Athelfrith died in 617 and Edwin restored to power to the throne of Northumbria but focused on rivalry with Cadwallon that turned to fury.
Edwin invaded north Wales after the death of Cadfan. Cadwallon, unprepared, fled to Priestholm off Anglesey and escaped to Ireland, exile lasting seven years. Meanwhile, Edwin spreads authority to northern England, Wales, Isle of Man. Around 626 Edwin converted to Christianity and stopped his conquests. Cadwallon returned and was restored to his kingdom only as vassal to Northumbria. Cadwallon allied with Penda, son of Pybba of Mercia, for a long war with Edwin starting about 630 or 631. A Welsh poem states Cadwallon fought fourteen battles and sixty skirmishes in one year. In October of 633 at the battle of Haethfeld or Hatfield north of Doncaster, Edwin was killed along with his son, Osfrith, and most of his family and many of his nobles. Cadwallon regained his kingdom, but Northumbria fell into chaos, divided into its subkingdoms of Deira and Bernicia.
However, Cadwallon ravaged and destroyed Edwin's kingdom for an entire year, killed Edwin's successors Eanfrith, the King of Bernicia, and Osric, then taken by surprise by Athelfrith's son, Oswald, who attacked at dawn while Cadwallon was camped at Heavenfield near Hexham by Hadrian's wall. Cadwallon's army fled back five miles and Cadwallon was killed.
Remembered as a great king because for a brief time he restored the kingdom against the Saxons, but the British never regained such power.
At his death he was but thirty and his son, Cadwaladr, was too young to rule. Gwynedd was taken by an adventurer named Cadfael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw "battle seizer", circa 634-655. Welsh triads say he was one of "three kings sprung from villeins" suggesting he was not of royal stock. Strong ruler who kept alliance with Penda of Mercia but not fondly remembered by the Welsh who gave him his second name, Cadomedd meaning "Battle Shirker." There is no trace of him after the Battle of Winwaed in 655 where Penda fell.
Son Cadwaladr Fenigiad
Succeeded by  a Cadfael Cadomydd Cynfeddw, then his son Cadwaladr Fendigaid Cadwallon

Sources:
Mike Ashley's "British Kings & Queens"

Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634[1]) was the King of Gwynedd from around 625 until his death in battle. The son and successor of Cadfan ap Iago, he is best remembered for devastating Northumbria and defeating and killing its king, Edwin, prior to his own death in battle against Oswald of Bernicia.

The historian Bede, writing about a century after Cadwallon's death, mentions that Edwin, the most powerful king in Britain, extended his rule to the Isle of Man and Anglesey.[2] The Annales Cambriae says that Cadwallon was besieged at Glannauc (Priestholm, or Puffin Island), a small island off eastern Anglesey, and dates this to 629.[3] Surviving Welsh poetry portrays Cadwallon as a heroic leader against Edwin. It refers to a battle at Digoll (Long Mountain) and mentions that Cadwallon spent time in Ireland before returning to Britain to defeat Edwin.[4]

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain (which includes a fairly extensive account of Cadwallon's life but is largely legendary—for example, Geoffrey has Cadwallon surviving until after the Battle of the Winwaed in 654 or 655), Cadwallon went to Ireland and then to the island of Guernsey. From there, according to Geoffrey, Cadwallon led an army into Dumnonia, where he encountered and defeated the Mercians besieging Exeter, and forced their king, Penda, into an alliance. Geoffrey also reports that Cadwallon married a half-sister of Penda.[5] However, his history is, on this as well as all matters, suspect, and it should be treated with caution.

In any case, Penda and Cadwallon together made war against the Northumbrians. A battle was fought at Hatfield Chase on October 12, 633[1] which ended in the defeat and death of Edwin and his son Osfrith.[6] After this, the Kingdom of Northumbria fell into disarray, divided between its sub-kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia,[7] but the war continued: according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "Cadwallon and Penda went and did for the whole land of Northumbria".[8] Bede says that Cadwallon was besieged by the new king of Deira, Osric, "in a strong town"; Cadwallon, however, "sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, by surprise, and destroyed him [Osric] and all his army." After this, according to Bede, Cadwallon ruled over the "provinces of the Northumbrians" for a year, "not like a victorious king, but like a rapacious and bloody tyrant."[7] Furthermore, Bede tells us that Cadwallon, "though he bore the name and professed himself a Christian, was so barbarous in his disposition and behaviour, that he neither spared the female sex, nor the innocent age of children, but with savage cruelty put them to tormenting deaths, ravaging all their country for a long time, and resolving to cut off all the race of the English within the borders of Britain."[6]

The new king of Bernicia, Eanfrith, was also killed by Cadwallon when the former went to him in an attempt to negotiate peace. However, Cadwallon was defeated by an army under Eanfrith's brother, Oswald, at the Battle of Heavenfield, "though he had most numerous forces, which he boasted nothing could withstand". Cadwallon was killed at a place called "Denis's-brook".[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan

Ruled Gwynedd circa 655-682

Son of Cadwallon

His standard was the red dragon, later adopted by Henry Tudor.

Remembered as the last great British hero, remembered like Arthur in some texts.
Still a boy when his father was killed in battle by the army of Oswald of Bernicia at the Battle of Heavenfield, presumably raised in exile.
658 Led army against the West Saxons at Peonne in Somerset and soundly defeated.
Focused on peace and prosperity there after
Established three religious foundations, highly regarded as a leader
The last British king recorded by Geoffrey Monmouth in his book "The History of the Kings of Britain" as his reign marks the last of the British resistance against the Saxons although he was followed by other Welsh kings.
Died of the plague 682.
Succeeded by his son Idwal Iwrch Cadwaladr

52 ED9

Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon (c. 633–682, reigned from c. 655) (Latin: Catuvelladurus; English: Cadwallader), also known as Cadwaladr Fendigaid ('the Blessed') was a king of Gwynedd. Welsh chroniclers consider him to be one the greatest British kings to have ever lived, Geoffrey of Monmouth included him in his Historia Regum Britanniae (vii,3) as the last in the line of legendary Kings of the Britons. His standard, the red dragon, was later adopted by Henry VII of England, founder of the Tudor dynasty , who claimed descent from Cadwaladr.

The son of Cadwallon ap Cadfan, Cadwaladr was only a child when his father was killed by the army of Oswald of Bernicia at the Battle of Heavenfield, and Cadafael Cadomedd took over in Gwynedd. Raised abroad, either in Ireland, Brittany or in a neighboring Welsh kingdom, Cadwaladr eventually reclaimed his family's throne from Cadafael, and went on to challenge the West Saxons in Somerset in 658, unsuccessfully. Cadwaladr was arguably the last Welsh ruler to mount a serious counteroffensive against the Anglo-Saxon forces that had overrun Southern Britain since the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It may be for this reason that Geoffrey of Monmouth chose to end his narrative of British kings with Cadwaladr.

After these initial military escapades, Cadwaladr seemingly settled down and focused on the domestic situation, establishing several religious foundations in Gwynedd and gaining a reputation as a devout, pious leader; so much so that, after his death, the Welsh church came to regard him as a saint.

According to the Annales Cambriae, he died of plague in 682. Other sources suggest he may have been the victim of an earlier plague, in 663/664, but such an early death would seem to extend the reign of his successor, Idwal to an improbable length.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr

Ruled Gwynedd circa 682-720

Iwrch = "Roebuck" suggesting he was small in stature.

Not warlike, ruled wisely and paid countenance to the church.
Mercia leaned from the east. Perhaps joined Powys in raids on Mercia 704 to 709 during weak reign in Mercia by Coenred. Mercians constructed demarcation line of Wat's Dyke, running from southern end of the Dee esturary down towards Oswestry, between Mercia and Powys.
Succeeded by his son Rhodri Molwynog Idwal

Sources:
Mike Ashley's "British Kings & Queens"

Idwal ap Cadwaladr (c.650-720; reigned from c.682) (Latin: Ituvellus; English: Judwald), also known as Idwal Iwrch ('Roebuck'), was a king of Gwynedd.

Following the death of Idwal's father, Cadwaladr Fendigaid, the history of Gwynedd enters into a somewhat hazy period. His nickname of 'Roebuck' suggests a young man of small stature, and the historical record indicates that he was probably not involved in any major, prolonged conflicts with neighboring kingdoms, focusing instead on the domestic situation of Gwynedd.

Nonetheless, it was during the time of Idwal's reign that the nearby kingdom of Mercia to the west was growing in power and influence. Idwal may have been involved in a series of raids on Mercian territory carried out by the neighboring Welsh kingdom of Powys during the reign of the Mercian king Coenred. These raids, if they did indeed occur, and if Gwynedd was indeed involved, seem to have been relatively isolated, and did not result in any sort of more organized conflict.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idwal_Iwrch_ap_Cadwaladr

Ruled Dyfed 905-950, inherited from his father

Ruled Siesyllwg 920-950

These two kingdoms combined as Deheubarth after 920

Ruled Gwynedd and Powys 942-950

Son of Cadell Rhodri, grandson to Rhodri Mawr

Probably one of the greatest Welsh rulers.

By the time of his death he was the ruler of all west Wales.

First and only Welsh king to mint his own coin, minted at Chester.

Regular visitor to the English courts, evidentally to study administration and operations.

Married Elen Verch Llywarch, daughter of local Dyfed Llywarch Hyfaidd.

920 - Cadell Rhodri died, Hywell Dda combined kingdoms of Dyfed and Seisyllwg to make Dedheubarth.

928 - Pilgrimage to Rome

934 - Had to accompany Athelstan to fight Constantine II of Scotland, but this action brought Hywel respect from English royalty.

942 - Received Gwynedd when his cousin, Idwal Anaward killed in battle against Saxons.

945ish - Hywel called great conference at Ty Gwyn (the "White House") in Dyfed near the modern town of Whitland with reps from every area. The meeting lasted six weeks, laws changed, differences settled. This was the start of three law books for the laws of Gwynedd, Deheubarth and Morgannwg, none of which could be amended without the same meeting, written under the direction of a masterful lawyer named Blegywryd.

Three sons: Rhodri, Edwin and Owain who split Deheubarth, Gywnedd was ruled by Iago Idwal.

52 EB15

Hywel Dda (c.880?–950), (English Hywel the Good, sometimes anglicized to Howell the Good) was originally king of Deheubarth in south-west Wales but eventually came to rule most of Wales. As a descendant of Rhodri Mawr through his father Cadell, Hywel was a member of the Dinefwr branch of the dynasty. He is remembered as one of the most successful native Welsh rulers prior to the Norman Conquest. His name is particularly linked with the development of the Welsh laws, often called the Laws of Hywel.

Hywel was born in around 880, the younger son of Cadell ap Rhodri, himself the son of Rhodri the Great. In 905, Cadell, having conquered Dyfed, gave it to his son to rule on his behalf. Hywel was able to consolidate his position by marrying Elen, whose father Llywarch ap Hyfaidd had ruled Dyfed until his death. Following his father's death in 909, he acquired a share of Seisyllwg, and on his brother's death in 920, he merged Dyfed and Seisyllwg, creating for himself a new kingdom, which became known as Deheubarth. Following the death of his cousin Idwal Foel in 942, he also seized the principality of Gwynedd, becoming ruler of about three-quarters of present-day Wales

More at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_Dda

741 Received Austrasia and the German duchies of the Frankish Empire upon his father, Charles Martel's death

747 Carloman retired to a monastery, leaving his kingdoms in the hands of his brother, Pepin the Short.

Casimir I the Restorer (Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel; 25 July 1016 – 28 November 1058), was a Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty and the de facto monarch of the entire country. He is known as the Restorer mostly because he managed to reunite all parts of Poland after a period of turmoil and permanently attached Masovia, Silesia and Pomerania. Son of Mieszko II Lambert and Richensa of Lotharingia, Casimir failed to crown himself the King of Poland, mainly because of internal and external threats to his rule.

Relatively little is known of Casimir's early life. Born to Mieszko II of Poland and Richensa of Lotharingia, he must have spent his childhood at the royal court of Poland in Gniezno. Mieszko II was crowned the king of Poland in 1025 after his father's death. The many landlords, however, feared the single rule of the monarch. This situation led to conflicts in the country, in which Mieszko's brothers turned against him and the Emperor Conrad II's forces attacked the country, seizing Lusatia. Years of chaos and conflict followed, during which Mieszko died (1034) in suspicious circumstances after his forced abdication and a brief restoration.

After the death of her husband, Richensa probably tried to seize the power in the country and secure the crown for her son. However, she failed and Casimir had to flee to the Kingdom of Hungary while the central parts of Poland were controlled by Bezprym. The region of Greater Poland revolted against the nobles and clergy and a mass Pagan revival ensued there. Also the land of Masovia seceded and a local landlord named Mieclaw formed a state of his own there. Similar situation happened in Pomerania, where the power was held by a local dynasty loosely related to the Piasts. Duke Bretislaus I of Bohemia, observing the period of turmoil in Poland, took advantage of his neighbour's weakness and invaded the country. After a short struggle he conquered Silesia and Lesser Poland and severely pillaged Greater Poland, burning Gniezno to the ground and looting the relics of Saint Adalbert.

The following year the new Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III, allied himself with the exiled Polish ruler against the Bohemians. Casimir was given a troop of 1,000 heavy footmen and a significant amount of gold to restore his power in the country. Casimir also signed an alliance with Yaroslav I the Wise, the Prince of Kievan Rus'. The alliance was sealed by Casimir's marriage with Yaroslav's sister, Maria Dobronega. With such support Casimir returned to Poland and managed to retake most of his domain. In 1041 defeated Bretislaus signed a treaty at Regensburg in which he renounced his claims to all Polish lands except for Silesia, which was to be incorporated into the Crown of Bohemia. It was Casimir's success in strengthening royal power and ending internal strife that earned him the epithet of "the Restorer".

The treaty gained Casimir a period of peace at the southern border and the capital of Poland was moved to Kraków, the only major Polish city relatively untouched by the wars. It is probable that the Holy Roman Emperor was happy with the balance of power restored in the region and forced Casimir not to crown himself the king of Poland. In 1046 Emperor Henry held royal and imperial courts at Merseburg and Meißen, at which he ended the strife among the Dux Bomeraniorum (Duke of Pomerania), Duke Bretislaus of Bohemia, and Poland's Casimir I. In 1047 Casimir, aided by his Kievan ally, started a war against Masovia and seized the land. It is probable that he also defeated Mieclaw's allies from Pomerania and attached Gdansk to Poland. This secured his power in central Poland. Three years later, against the will of the emperor, Casimir seized Czech-controlled Silesia, thus securing most of his father's domain. In 1054 in Quedlinburg the Emperor ruled that Silesia was to remain in Poland in exchange for a yearly tribute of 117 kilograms of silver and 7 kg of gold.

At that time Casimir focused on internal matters. Conflicted with the Emperor in the Silesian case, he supported the Papacy in the Investiture Controversy and gained the support of the church. To strengthen his rule he re-created the bishopric in Kraków and Wroclaw and erected the new Wawel Cathedral. During Casimir's rule heraldry was introduced in Poland and, unlike his predecessors, he promoted landed gentry over the druzyna as his base of power. One of his reforms was the introduction, to Poland, of a key element of feudalism: the granting of fiefdoms to his retinue of warriors, thus gradually transforming them into medieval knights.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Poland

Named for the cloak he wore as the Abbott of St Martin de Tours.

Born in 938 in Paris, he came from a powerful and influential family of the Germanic aristocracy of France, two members of which had already been elected King of France in the ninth and tenth centuries. Hugh Capet was the eldest son of Hugh the Great, then the most powerful man in the kingdom, maker of kings, and of Hedwige of Saxony (c.910–c.965), daughter of King Henry I (the Fowler) of Germany and sister of German Emperor Otto I. Hugh Capet wanted to become a lay abbot, and in 980 arranged to move the relics of St. Valery to Amiens Cathedral. He inherited his father's vast estates and became the most powerful noble of his time. From 978 to 986, Hugh Capet allied himself with the German emperors Otto II and Otto III and with archbishop Adalberon of Reims to dominate the weak Carolingian king, Lothair. By 985, he was king in all but name. After Lothair and his son died in early 987, the archbishop of Reims convinced an assembly of nobles to elect Hugh Capet as their king. He was crowned King of France at Noyon, Picardie on July 3, 987, the first of the Capetian dynasty to rule France.

Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Anjou. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately 400 square miles (1,000 km²). His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom or even murdered. Indeed, there was a plot in 993 masterminded by the Bishop of Laon and Odo I of Blois to deliver Hugh Capet into the custody of Otto III. The plot failed, but the fact that no one was punished illustrates how tenuous his hold on power was. Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The country operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages. Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. As such, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire. Beyond his realm, the investiture and then deposition of Arnulf, nephew of the duke of Lorraine, as archbishop of Reims involved the king and bishops in conflict with Pope John XV that was not yet resolved at Hugh Capet's death in 996.

While Hugh Capet's military power was limited and he had to seek military aid from the Duke of Normandy, his unanimous election as king gave him great moral authority and influence.

Hugh Capet married Adelaide of Aquitaine (952–1004), daughter of Duke William III of Aquitaine, and had 5 children.

Hugh Capet died on October 24, 996 in Paris, and was interred in the Saint Denis Basilica. He was succeeded by his son, Robert II.

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In 956, Hugh inherited his father's vast estates and became the most powerful noble of his time.

From 978 to 986, Hugh Capet allied himself with the German emperors Otto II and Otto III and with archbishop Adalberon of Reims to dominate the weak Carolingian king, Lothair. By 985, he was king in all but name. After Lothair and his son died in early 987, the archbishop of Reims convinced an assembly of nobles to elect Hugh Capet as their king. He was crowned King of France at Noyon, Picardie on July 3, 987, the first of the Capetian dynasty to rule France.

Hugh Capet possessed minor properties near Chartres and Anjou. Between Paris and Orléans he possessed towns and estates amounting to approximately 400 square miles (1,000 km²). His authority ended there, and if he dared travel outside his small area, he risked being captured and held for ransom or even murdered. Indeed, there was a plot in 993 masterminded by the Bishop of Laon and Odo I of Blois to deliver Hugh Capet into the custody of Otto III. The plot failed, but the fact that no one was punished illustrates how tenuous his hold on power was. Beyond his power base, in the rest of France, there were still as many codes of law as there were fiefdoms. The country operated with 150 different forms of currency and at least a dozen languages. Uniting all this into one cohesive unit was a formidable task and a constant struggle between those who wore the crown of France and its feudal lords. As such, Hugh Capet's reign was marked by numerous power struggles with the vassals on the borders of the Seine and the Loire. Beyond his realm, the investiture and then deposition of Arnulf, nephew of the duke of Lorraine, as archbishop of Reims involved the king and bishops in conflict with Pope John XV that was not yet resolved at Hugh Capet's death in 996.

While Hugh Capet's military power was limited and he had to seek military aid from Richard I of Normandy, his unanimous election as king gave him great moral authority and influence.

Pippin was the third son of Charlemagne, and the second with his wife Hildegard of Savoy. He was born Carloman, but when his brother Pippin the Hunchback betrayed their father, the royal name Pippin passed to him. He was made king of Italy after his father's conquest of the Lombards, in 781, and crowned by Pope Hadrian I.

He was active as ruler of Italy and worked to expand the Frankish empire. In 791, he marched a Lombard army into the Drava valley and ravaged Pannonia, while his father marched along the Danube into Avar territory. Charlemagne left the campaigning to deal with a Saxon revolt in 792. Pippin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, however, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring of the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was sent to Charlemagne in Aachen and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia.

His activities included a long, but unsuccessful siege of Venice in 810. The siege lasted six months and Pippin's army was ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and was forced to withdraw. A few months later Pippin died.

He married Bertha, daughter of William of Gellone, count of Toulouse, and had five daughters with her, all of whom but the eldest were born between 800 and Pippin's death and died before their grandfather's death in 814:

He also had an illegitimate son Bernard. Pippin was expected to inherit a third of his father's empire, but he predeceased him. The Italian crown passed on to his son Bernard, but the empire went to Pippin's younger brother Louis the Pious.

Carolingian King of East Francia from 887 to his death. He was the illegitimate son of Carloman, King of Bavaria, and his concubine, Liutswind, of Carinthian origin, daughter of one Count Ernst. He was given the duchy of Carinthia (a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Karantania) by his father when he divided his realm, giving Bavaria to Louis the Younger and the Kingdom of Italy to Charles the Fat, in 880 on his death.

He spent his childhood in Karantania, homeland of his mother. Carloman had a court there, in Moosburg (then Blatograd), where the young Arnulf grew up. From later events it is evident that the Karantanians, from an early time, treated him as their own duke.

He took the leading role in the deposition of his uncle, the Emperor Charles the Fat. With the support of the nobles, Arnulf held a diet and deposed Charles in November 887, under threat of military action. Charles peacefully went into his involuntary retirement, but not without first chastising his nephew for his treachery and asking only for a few royal villas in Swabia, which Arnulf mercifully granted him, on which to live out his final months. Arnulf was elected by the nobles of the realm (only the eastern realm, though Charles had ruled the whole of the Frankish lands) and assumed his title of King.

Arnulf was not a negotiator, but a fighter. At the decisive Battle of Leuven in September 891, he defeated an invading force of the Northmen, or Vikings, essentially ending their invasions on that front. The Annales Fuldenses report that the bodies of dead Northmen blocked the run of the river. After his victory, Arnulf built a new castle on an island in the Dijle river.

In 894 or 895, Great Moravia probably lost a part of its territory — present-day Western Hungary — to him. Arnulf, however, failed to conquer the whole of Great Moravia when he attempted it in 892, 893, and 899. In 895, Bohemia broke away from Great Moravia and became his vassal. An accord was made between him and the Bohemian Duke Borivoj I (reigned 870-895); Bohemia was thus freed from the dangers of invasion.

Arnulf invaded Italy in 896 and was crowned Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Formosus in opposition to Duke Lambert of Spoleto. He only retained power in Italy as long as he was personally there, he was vigorously opposed by Lambert's mother, Agiltrude, and when he left, having taken ill, most of Italy was in Lambert's supporters' hands. On his death in 899, he was succeeded as a king of the East Franks by his son by his wife Ota, Louis the Child. Arnulf's illegitimate son Zwentibold, whom he had made King of Lotharingia in 895, continued to rule there until the next year (900).